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2012\u5e74\u5168\u7403\u4ee3\u5b55\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4f30\u8ba1\u603b\u503c60\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143
2011-2018\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u4ee3\u5b55\u6709\u5173\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u5224\u51b3\u6570\u91cf\u589e\u5e45200%
2018\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u4ee3\u5b55\u6709\u5173\u7684\u517b\u80b2\u5224\u51b3\u6570\u91cf368
\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4ee3\u5b55\u4ef7\u683c2\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8be5\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u85aa8\u500d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1944\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Rock\uff09\u5ba3\u544a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u9996\u4f8b\u4eba\u7c7b\u80da\u80ce\u4f53\u5916\u6388\u7cbe\u6210\u529f
1953\u5e74\uff0c\u7cbe\u5b50\u51b7\u51bb\u4fdd\u5b58\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u4e16
1976\u5e74\uff0c\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5dde\u5f8b\u5e08\u8bfa\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u57fa\u6069\uff08Noel Keane\uff09\u62df\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u4ee3\u5b55\u5408\u540c
1978\u5e74\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u4f53\u5916\u6388\u7cbe\uff08IVF\uff09\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u4f8b\u8bd5\u7ba1\u5a74\u513f\u8def\u6613\u4e1d\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\uff08Louise Brown\uff09\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u751f
1985-86\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u4f8b\u598a\u5a20\u4ee3\u5b55\uff08\u8bd5\u7ba1\u5a74\u513f\u4ee3\u5b55\uff09\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6210\u529f\u53d7\u5b55\uff0c\u598a\u5a20\u4ee3\u5b55\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u4ee3\u5b55\u6210\u4e3a\u884c\u4e1a\u5e38\u89c4\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u4ee3\u5b55\u670d\u52a1\u9010\u6e10\u884c\u6210\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u58eb\u5f00\u59cb\u63a8\u52a8\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fd\u7c4d\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u513f\u7684\u8840\u7f18\u7236\u6bcd\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4eba\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5219\u5b69\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee3\u5b55\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u8be5\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4ee3\u5b55\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e0e\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6bcd\u5b50\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u56fd\u7c4d\u4ee3\u5b55\u513f\u7ae5\u95ee\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982BM \u5c3c\u79d1\u5c14\uff08B.M. Nichol\uff092016\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff1a\u6d88\u89e3\u4ee3\u5b55\u51fa\u751f\u513f\u7ae5\u65e0\u56fd\u7c4d\u72b6\u51b5\u300b\uff08A CHILD WITHOUT A COUNTRY: DISSOLVING THE STATELESSNESS OF CHILDREN BORN THROUGH SURROGACY\uff09\uff0cC.A. \u4e54\u675c\u91cc\uff08Cyra Akila Choudhury\uff09\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u7f51\u4e0a\u624b\u518c\uff08Oxford Handbook Online\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u201c\u8de8\u56fd\u5546\u4e1a\u4ee3\u5b55\uff1a\u5408\u540c\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u5f8b\u76d1\u7ba1\u524d\u666f\u201d\uff08Transnational Commercial Surrogacy: Contracts, Conflicts, and the Prospects of International Legal Regulation \uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u7acb\u6cd5\u884c\u52a8\u586b\u8865\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a7a\u767d\u3001\u6f84\u6e05\u7070\u8272\u533a\u57df\u3001\u7406\u987a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a2\u8ba8\u7efc\u5408\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f26\u7406\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u8de8\u56fd\u4ee3\u5b55\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u8d2b\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u5973\u6027\u4e3a\u4e86\u6323\u94b1\u4ece\u4e8b\u4ee3\u5b55\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5c24\u5176\u5f15\u4eba\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5370\u5ea6\u53e4\u5409\u62c9\u7279\u90a6Sat Kaival \u533b\u9662\u751f\u6b96\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4eba\u5de5\u6388\u7cbe\u751f\u80b2\u4e13\u5bb6\u7eb3\u4e9a\u5a1c\u00b7\u5e15\u7279\u5c14\uff08Nayana Patel\uff092018\u5e74\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6b96\u79d1\u5b66\u671f\u520a\uff08Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, \u7f29\u5199JHRS\uff09\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee3\u5b55\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e0b\u5217\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5e15\u7279\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee3\u6bcd\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee3\u5b55\u62a5\u916c\u6539\u5584\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4f46\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u5e9c\u76d1\u7ba1\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u5584\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u4ee3\u5b55\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u7406\u300b\uff08Catechism of the Catholic Church\uff09\uff0c\u6350\u732e\u7cbe\u5b50\u3001\u5375\u5b50\u548c\u4ee3\u5b55\u90fd\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e5f\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u4e24\u8d77\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u8bbc\u6848<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u5b9d\u5b9dM\u201d\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6848\u548c2008\u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u201c\u5b9d\u5b9d\u66fc\u59ec\u201d\u56fd\u7c4d\u6848\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4ee3\u5b55\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u6807\u5fd7\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1986\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd”\u5b9d\u5b9dM”\u7684\u629a\u517b\u6743\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u5b55\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u3002\u4ece\u8be5\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u673a\u6784\u8f6c\u5411\u598a\u5a20\u5f0f\u4ee3\u5b55\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea0\u845b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u5b9d\u5b9dM”\uff08\u6885\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u6069\uff0cMelissa Stern\uff09\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5375\u5b50\u548c\u59d4\u6258\u7236\u4eb2\u7cbe\u5b50\u4f53\u5916\u6388\u7cbe\u5f62\u6210\u80da\u80ce\u518d\u690d\u5165\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5b50\u5bab\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u51fa\u751f\u3002\u4ee3\u5b55\u6bcd\u4eb2\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5fb7\uff08Mary Whitehead\uff09\u4e0e\u5979\u6709\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53ebManji\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u4e0a\u5199\u7684\u662f\u7236\u59d3\u201c\u5c71\u7530\u201d\uff0c\u59d4\u6258\u4ee3\u5b55\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u592b\u5987\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u79bb\u5a5a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u51fa\u751f\u540e\u4ee3\u6bcd\u62d2\u7edd\u4ea4\u51fa\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u8981\u81ea\u5df1\u629a\u517b\uff0c\u59d4\u6258\u7236\u6bcd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u529b\u4e89\u593a\u56de\u5b9d\u5b9d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u6cd5\u5ead\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u6000\u7279\u6d77\u5fb7\u662f\u201c\u5b9d\u5b9dM\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u7b7e\u7684\u4ee3\u5b55\u5408\u540c\u65e0\u6548\uff1b\u4f46\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u629a\u517b\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u5224\u7ed9\u8ddf\u5979\u6709\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u751f\u7236\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u6069\uff08William Stern\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u59bb\u5b50\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u6069\uff08Elizabeth Stern\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u8d77\u8bbc\u6848\u6d89\u53ca\u8de8\u56fd\u4ee3\u5b55\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u56fd\u7c4d\u5f52\u5c5e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u4ee3\u5b55\u5973\u5a74\u66fc\u59ec\uff08Manji) \u51fa\u751f\u540e\u4e00\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u65e0\u6cd5\u79bb\u5f00\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u7c4d\u7684\u59d4\u6258\u4ee3\u5b55\u592b\u5987\u5728\u5979\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u79bb\u5a5a\uff0c\u5973\u65b9\u62d2\u7edd\u629a\u517b\u66fc\u59ec\uff0c\u7537\u65b9\u867d\u7136\u613f\u610f\u629a\u517b\uff0c\u4f46\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b69\u5b50\u56fd\u7c4d\u968f\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b9d\u5b9d\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u4e0a\u5199\u4e86\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u59d3\u201c\u5c71\u7530\u201d\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u65b9\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4f7f\u9986\u4ee5\u4eba\u9053\u539f\u56e0\u7ed9\u5b9d\u5b9d\u66fc\u59ec\u53d1\u4e86\u5165\u5883\u7b7e\u8bc1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u7ecf\u66f2\u6298\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u7c4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\u6cf0\u56fd\u4ee3\u5b55\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e3a\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u592b\u5987\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5bf9\u53cc\u80de\u80ce\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u9886\u8d70\u4e86\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b9d\u5b9d\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u6709\u5510\u6c0f\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7559\u7ed9\u4ee3\u6bcd\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08BBC\u4e2d\u6587\u7f51\/2021-01-23\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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